| Solar panel | Solar array act as devices that transform sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. These are an green and alternative energy source, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a apparatus that captures sunlight to convert heat, generally used for water heating or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space heating, or electricity generation. It is a green and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural legacy, notable attractions, and vibrant urban areas like London. It boasts a mixed terrain of rolling hills, historic forts, and bustling urban centers that combine heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the organic radiance emitted by the star, vital for life on Earth as it offers power for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a type of power resulting from the flow of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives countless devices and networks, supporting modern life and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a reversed electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction flow of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a device that holds chemical energy and changes it into current to operate various digital equipment. It includes several electrochemical units, each containing anode and cathode interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into power using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home use and grid connection. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and providing secure, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity periodically, typically used in residential and industrial power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a tool used to ascertain the size, quantity, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, thermometers, and pressure gauges that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a device that automatically adjusts the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are large-scale installations that capture sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They provide a green and renewable energy power, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves placing photovoltaic cells on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that gather solar radiation and generate power. This energy is then sent wirelessly to the planet's surface for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems store excess power generated from green sources or the power grid for subsequent consumption, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations generally use batteries to offer backup power, lower energy expenses, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of photovoltaic cells chronicles the advancement and advancements in solar power tech from the initial finding of the photovoltaic effect to current advanced solar arrays. It features major innovations, including the development of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have greatly enhanced energy conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist famous for his pioneering work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His tests laid the groundwork for comprehending how light interacts with specific media to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and progress in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an US innovator who created the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-burning power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned R&D entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the birthplace of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and 14, well known for its key role in the manufacturing of electronic devices and solar modules. It is a solid, fragile crystal substance with a bluish-gray shine, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a little component installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This technology increases system performance, enables better performance oversight, and improves energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a component that converts sunlight straight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is frequently used in photovoltaic systems to supply a renewable and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a elementary particle representing a quantum of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It serves a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the mechanism by which certain materials transform sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the core principle behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the utilization of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a thin slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the foundational platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances just several micrometers in thickness to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the weight of building components and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as people, furniture, and environmental factors. Both are important considerations in engineering design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components in a line, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the identical voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy flows by an electric circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through diverse origins such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and fundamental for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of energy conversion in the SI system, indicating the measure of energy transfer or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which causes the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and shows the work per individual charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the base unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force in the metric system. It measures the voltage per coulomb between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electric charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in A. It is essential for powering electronic gadgets and facilitating the operation of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the measure of electrical flow in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the movement of electric charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and size of power systems to guarantee safe and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a simple and uniform method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is frequently used for recharging and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a device that converts direct current (DC) from supplies like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic gadgets. It permits the application of common electrical appliances in environments where only DC energy is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is a collection of multiple individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically adjust the position of photovoltaic panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the day, optimizing solar energy capture. This system increases the effectiveness of solar power gathering by maintaining optimal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the energy production of solar panel setups by continuously adjusting the working point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar cells. This procedure guarantees the best performance energy harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a device that monitors and evaluates the efficiency of solar panel systems in real-time, providing important data on energy production and system status. It aids enhance solar energy output by spotting problems ahead of time and ensuring maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a renewable energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to supply energy to homes, electronic gadgets, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of countless small silicon crystals, commonly used in solar panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves fusing and reforming silicon to generate a high-purity, polycrystalline form suitable for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a ultra-pure form of silicon with a single lattice arrangement, making it extremely capable for use in solar cells and electronics. Its consistent structure allows for improved charge movement, resulting in better functionality compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a kind of thin film solar system that presents a affordable and efficient option for large-scale solar energy harvesting. They are their high absorption capability and moderately affordable manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film solar devices that utilize a layered compound of copper, indium, gallium, and Se to transform sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are noted for their high absorption performance, bendability, and capability for lightweight, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a amorphous molecular configuration, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than crystalline silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and versatile features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, lowering costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are cutting-edge photovoltaic devices that utilize several p-n connections arranged together to absorb a wider spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. They are mostly used in space satellites and advanced solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that transform sunlight into electricity to operate onboard systems. They are typically lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize optics or reflectors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This approach is suitable for massive solar power plants in regions with sunny sunlight, providing a economical approach for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and bendable form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CIGS compound as the light-absorbing layer, known for high efficiency and bendability. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with excellent performance in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological uses. These films are important in electronics, optical systems, and coverings for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and economical energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a sheet of substance covering fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in thickness, often placed on surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medicine, to change surface traits or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate measuring instruments used to accurately measure tiny gaps or thicknesses, commonly in mechanical engineering and production. They feature a scaled screw device that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a fine, ring-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the platform for fabricating semiconductor devices. It serves as the core material in the creation of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact solar modules famous for their superior output and flexibility, perfect for various uses. They utilize a multilayer semiconductor structure that turns sunlight directly into electrical energy with excellent effectiveness in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sunlight directly into energy using solar panels, supplying a green energy source for household, business, and large-scale applications. They deliver a eco-friendly, renewable, and cost-effective way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that converts sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to take in light and create electron flow. It offers a affordable and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the possibility for cost-effective, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that use organic materials, to transform sun's energy into electrical power. They are lightweight, flexible, and enable cost-effective, extensive solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential photovoltaic material used in thin-film solar cells due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an desirable alternative for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as rooftops, facades, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances energy performance while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, hiding detailed view but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves the process of applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of photovoltaic power stations details various large-scale solar energy plants around the globe, demonstrating their output and locations. These stations function a important role in renewable energy generation and international efforts to lower carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are extensive facilities that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climatic shifts, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, wind, and hydropower. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels, reducing environmental harm and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and methane, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the main fuels for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and sustainable resources into electrical energy. This process generally happens in power stations where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as lead, quicksilver, Cd, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how efficiently a solar cell converts sunlight into usable electricity. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves placing products to increased stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This development is changing the global energy landscape by boosting the portion of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power plants intended to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover vast areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a transparent instrument that bending light to converge or separate rays, creating images. It is frequently used in equipment like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and increase light flow. It boosts the crispness and brightness of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels negate each other, causing a decrease or complete elimination of the resultant waveform. This phenomenon typically happens when these waves are phase-shifted by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, commonly employed in electrical distribution networks. The voltage fluctuates following a sine wave over time, permitting effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a compact entity used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It boosts system efficiency by enhancing power output at the panel level and eases installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a setup where the potential difference and electric current periodically reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is frequently used in homes and commercial sectors to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a kind of electrical connector used to supply direct current (DC) power from a energy source to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that ensure a reliable and dependable link for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international protection certification agency that tests and certifies products to confirm they adhere to specific safety standards. It assists consumers and companies find trustworthy and secure products through thorough review and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this setup, the constant electric current passes through all elements, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows devices to operate separately, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a semiconductor device that allows current to move in one way exclusively, functioning as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12 volt, designed to deliver electrical power for different devices and accessories inside of a car. It enables users to recharge electronic electronics or run small electronics during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral peripherals to computing systems, allowing data transmission and power delivery. It supports a wide range of devices such as keypads, pointer devices, external storage, and cell phones, with various versions providing higher speeds and improved performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in optimizing energy output and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on developments in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of EM radiation, extending from radio waves to gamma rays, all possessing varied wavelengths and power. This spectrum is crucial to a wide array of devices and the natural world, enabling signal transmission, diagnostic imaging, and understanding of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It serves a crucial role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color scheme based on shades of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and accord. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to quantify the magnitude of power or energy flow received or emitted over a particular area, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with grasping the distribution and movement of radiation across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of diverse tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is frequently used to describe the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in different scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big body of air's with relatively even thermal and humidity features, originating from specific source regions. These air masses influence weather patterns and atmospheric conditions as they travel over different areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the intensity per unit area received from the solar source in the type of light. It changes with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the buildup of debris, and impurities on the exterior of photovoltaic modules, which decreases their efficiency. Routine maintenance and servicing are essential to minimize energy loss and guarantee maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, taken across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the highest electrical current that travels through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the maximum power output of a solar array under perfect sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak ability to produce electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electronic device used to measure the voltage between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in different electrical and electronic fields to verify proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid element essential for plant growth and applied in multiple industrial applications, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits distinctive chemical properties that cause it useful in producing robust, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a stable and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant collects sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic panels to produce renewable electricity. It provides an environmentally friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of using land for both solar energy output and agriculture, maximizing space and resources. This method boosts crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that enhances performance by leveraging albedo effect and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a structure that provides shade while producing electricity through embedded solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of several solar panels configured to produce electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in green energy setups to produce clean, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that provides shade and shelter from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It enhances the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a courtyard, making it a comfortable space for leisure and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line connecting an surveyor to a target object. It is often used in routing, land measurement, and astronomy to specify the direction of an celestial body relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential bodily injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material widely used in thin film solar panels due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It exhibits outstanding optical features, making it a popular option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are essential in driving solar energy adoption and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of energy output equal to a billion W, used to assess massive electricity output and usage. It is generally associated with electricity stations, national grids, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in solar power solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film solar panels that provide high efficiency and affordable power output. The firm is committed to eco-friendly renewable energy advancement and cutting down the global dependence on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in effortlessly linking various elements of manufacturing and automation systems to enhance performance and trustworthiness. It aims on building advanced solutions that facilitate efficient communication and compatibility among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a prominent Chinese-based corporation expert in manufacturing and innovating photovoltaic solar goods and services. Renowned for its advanced technology and eco-friendly energy programs in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion watts, often utilized to indicate the ability of large-scale electricity generation or usage. It underscores the huge energy magnitude involved in modern energy infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost drops as cumulative output increases, due to learning and improvements gained over time. This effect highlights the importance of learned skills in lowering costs and boosting output in manufacturing and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This method is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of generating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or less than the expense of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that sustainable energy sources are financially competitive with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the primary electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a system of power lines, delivering a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is transmitted through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the efficient and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the solar radiation using PV panels to generate electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It represents a green, sustainable, and environmentally friendly source of power that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, business, and manufacturing settings to produce green, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar-powered items features a range of gadgets that harness sunlight to convert energy, supporting environmentally friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include covering solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor gear, providing versatile solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar power plant is a plant that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ lenses plus reflectors to focus sunlight onto advanced photovoltaic cells, significantly increasing power output using a smaller area. This approach is particularly effective in areas with bright, direct sunlight and provides a promising approach to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
