| Solar panel | Solar panel are components that change sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an eco-friendly and sustainable energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a apparatus that collects sunlight to generate heat, typically used for water heating or space heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating, space heating, or power generation. It is a green and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural heritage, notable attractions, and lively urban areas like London. It boasts a mixed terrain of rolling hills, old castles, and lively city hubs that mix heritage with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the organic illumination emitted by the star, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it supplies power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a form of power due to the motion of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives countless appliances and infrastructures, supporting contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way movement of electric charge, typically produced by cell packs, electrical sources, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a unit that holds chemical energy and transforms it into current to run various electronic gadgets. It consists of several electrochemical units, each comprising anode and cathode interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of solar cells. It is an green power solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for home use and grid integration. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring safe, reliable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes direction cyclically, usually used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It allows for efficient transmission of electricity over extended spans and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a tool used to ascertain the size, amount, or level of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, thermometers, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive plants that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They supply a sustainable and eco-friendly energy resource, cutting down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lowering carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves setting up photovoltaic cells on building rooftops to generate electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and generate power. This power is then beamed to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems retain excess power generated from renewable sources or the power grid for subsequent consumption, boosting energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These systems commonly employ batteries to provide backup energy, reduce energy expenses, and aid grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels tracks the progress and advancements in solar power tech from the early invention of the photovoltaic effect to modern advanced solar arrays. It highlights major milestones, including the creation of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and continuous developments that have substantially improved energy conversion and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist renowned for his innovative work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His experiments laid the foundation for grasping how light interacts with particular substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an US innovator who created the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work laid the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work laid the foundation for modern photovoltaic technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous research and development organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its key role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar modules. It is a tough, fragile crystalline substance with a bluish-gray sheen, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a small unit installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This method improves system effectiveness, enables enhanced performance oversight, and increases energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a device that transforms sunlight straight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is commonly used in photovoltaic systems to offer a sustainable and sustainable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a basic particle that represents a packet of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It has a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which certain materials convert sunlight immediately into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the basic concept behind solar panel systems, facilitating the harnessing of solar energy for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a thin slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and fixed equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, fixtures, and weather conditions. Both are critical considerations in engineering design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components sequentially, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the same voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the speed at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through diverse origins such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and sustainable sources, and crucial for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a unit of power in the metric system, showing the speed of energy flow or transformation. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric pressure difference between two points, which drives the movement of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and represents the work per individual charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the derived unit of voltage, voltage difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per unit charge between points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor, typically measured in amps. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and enabling the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the unit of electric flow in the SI units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the flow of electric charge through a circuit over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and size of power systems to ensure reliable and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical enclosure used to protect wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and standardized method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for powering and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that converts DC from inputs like accumulators or solar arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It permits the operation of common electrical appliances in settings where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack serves as a collection of multiple individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the orientation of photovoltaic panels to track the solar trajectory throughout the day, maximizing power intake. This innovation boosts the effectiveness of solar energy collection by ensuring best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to optimize the power output of solar energy systems by constantly tuning the performance point to match the optimal power point of the solar cells. This process provides the best performance energy extraction, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and analyzes the performance of solar power systems in instantaneous, offering valuable data on energy generation and system condition. It helps optimize solar energy output by identifying faults ahead of time and guaranteeing optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are flexible, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in photovoltaic modules to power homes, electronic gadgets, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless small silicon lattice structures, frequently used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its creation involves fusing and restructuring silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline structure suitable for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a premium form of silicon with a uniform lattice structure, making it highly efficient for use in solar panels and electronics. Its homogeneous framework allows for enhanced electron transfer, resulting in higher performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a type of thin film solar technology that offers a cost-effective and high-performance alternative for large-scale solar energy production. They are known as their great absorption capability and relatively reduced manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar cells that utilize a multi-layered material of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium to transform sunlight into power effectively. They are noted for their great absorption effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for lightweight, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a disordered atomic arrangement, making it more adaptable and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and adaptable characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and pioneering techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are innovative photovoltaic modules that use multiple p-n connections layered in unison to capture a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. These are primarily employed in space satellites and advanced solar power systems due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are vital components that generate sunlight into electric power to supply onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, long-lasting, and built for efficient operation in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic component, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and effectiveness in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, greatly enhancing energy conversion efficiency. This technology is ideal for large-scale solar power plants in zones with direct sunlight, offering a affordable solution for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a delicate coating of CuInGaSe2 as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and adaptability. They offer a easy-to-handle, economical alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological applications. These films are crucial in electronic devices, optical systems, and coatings for their unique physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a sustainable and economical energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of material covering tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in depth, often placed on surfaces for functional purposes. These films are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, optics, and healthcare, to alter surface properties or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are accurate gauges used to accurately measure minute thicknesses or widths, generally in manufacturing and production. They feature a adjusted screw device that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a slender, round section of silicon crystal used as the substrate for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the fabrication of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film solar units known for their excellent performance and bendability, perfect for diverse applications. They use a layered semiconductor structure that converts sunlight straight into electricity with excellent efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a comparatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells, offering a green energy source for residential, commercial, and large-scale applications. They offer a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and cost-effective way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a photosensitive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for see-through and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for cost-effective, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photovoltaic units that utilize organic materials, to transform solar radiation into electrical power. They are easy to handle, pliable, and offer the potential for cost-effective, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential semiconductor material used in thin-film solar panels due to its earth-abundant and safe elements. Its excellent optical-electronic properties make it an appealing substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, outer walls, and glazing. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves placing a thin film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations information various massive solar energy facilities around the world, highlighting their output and positions. These stations function a vital role in green energy production and global efforts to cut carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale facilities that convert sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in clean energy production, lessening dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, climatic shifts, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably sourced, such as sunlight, breezes, and hydroelectric power. It offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, minimizing environmental harm and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as lignite, oil, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the main energy sources for electricity generation and transportation but pose ecological and environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy types such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and sustainable resources into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, harmful elements such as plumbum, mercury, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how efficiently a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into convertible energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves placing products to increased stresses to rapidly assess their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar panels has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This growth is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by boosting the portion of sustainable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities intended to generate electricity on a business scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a clear device that refracts light to converge or separate rays, creating images. It is commonly used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the clarity and illumination of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in such a way that their wave heights negate each other, causing a decrease or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This occurrence generally happens when the waves are not in phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is an electric current that alternates direction, typically used in electrical distribution networks. Its voltage varies in a sinusoidal pattern over time, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a compact component used to convert direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into AC suitable for household use. It boosts system efficiency by optimizing energy production at the module level and streamlines installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a system where the voltage and electric current periodically reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over vast spans. It is generally used in residences and factories to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a type of electrical plug used to supply direct current (DC) power from a energy source to an electronic device. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and receptacle that guarantee a secure and consistent attachment for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a international safety validation body that assesses and endorses products to guarantee they comply with specific safety norms. It supports consumers and businesses identify dependable and safe products through rigorous assessment and testing methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this configuration, the same electric current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, giving multiple paths for current flow. This configuration allows devices to operate autonomously, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a semiconductor device that permits current to flow in a single direction exclusively, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12-volt, designed to supply electrical power for multiple devices and attachments inside of a vehicle. It allows users to recharge electronic devices or run small devices during on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for linking hardware to PCs, enabling data transmission and power delivery. It backs a wide range of devices such as keyboards, mice, external storage, and cell phones, with different versions offering higher speeds and enhanced features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy generation and making solar power more cost-effective and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on innovations in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from wireless signals to gamma rays, each with varied wavelengths and power. This band is essential for many technologies and natural phenomena, enabling data exchange, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It serves a important role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color palette based on shades of a individual hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This design approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to quantify the magnitude of energy or energy flow received or emitted over a defined area, frequently in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the spread and movement of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is often used to describe the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of air's with relatively uniform temp and moisture properties, deriving from from specific source regions. These air masses affect weather systems and sky conditions as they travel over diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the power per square kilometer received from the solar source in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar cycles and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the collection of debris, and foreign matter on the exterior of photovoltaic modules, which reduces their efficiency. Consistent upkeep and servicing are necessary to minimize energy loss and guarantee best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, taken across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the highest power output of a solar panel under perfect sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak potential to produce electricity in conventional testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to measure the voltage between separate points in a electronic circuit. It is commonly used in different electrical and electronic fields to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in photovoltaic modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion transfer within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic element crucial for plant development and employed in multiple industrial applications, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical properties that render it useful in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using large collections of photovoltaic solar panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of utilizing land for both solar power production and agriculture, optimizing space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while at the same time producing renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar energy devices designed to harvest sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy production. They are usually installed in a way that allows for increased efficiency by leveraging albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides shade while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of numerous photovoltaic modules arranged to produce electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to produce clean, renewable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a construction that delivers shade and cover from the conditions for exterior areas. It improves the usability and visual charm of a courtyard, making it a comfortable space for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, typically true north, to the line between an observer to a target object. It is frequently used in routing, mapping, and astronomy to define the orientation of an celestial body relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential bodily injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic material extensively utilized in thin film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost efficiency. It exhibits superb optical characteristics, making it a preferred option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy adoption and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a unit of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 watt, used to quantify large-scale electricity generation and utilization. It is commonly associated with generating stations, electricity networks, and major energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a international leader in solar PV energy solutions, specializing in producing thin film solar cells that deliver excellent efficiency and economical power generation. The firm is dedicated to eco-friendly renewable energy advancement and cutting down the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly linking various parts of factory and automation systems to enhance efficiency and trustworthiness. It concentrates on developing innovative solutions that enable seamless communication and compatibility among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top Chinese firm expert in the manufacturing and development of solar photovoltaic goods and services. Famous for cutting-edge technology and green energy projects within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often used to indicate the ability of large-scale electricity production or usage. It emphasizes the vast power extent involved in contemporary power infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the cost per unit of production decreases as total output increases, due to learning and efficiencies gained over time. This concept highlights the value of accumulated experience in reducing costs and improving productivity in industrial processes and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics transform sunlight immediately into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a clean, green energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of creating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the cost of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity indicates that sustainable energy sources are cost-effectively viable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a system of power lines, delivering a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the nation, and is transmitted through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all components of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is vital for guaranteeing the efficient and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It is a green, sustainable, and planet-friendly energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, business, and manufacturing sites to create renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing sustainable energy solutions where traditional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar-powered goods features a variety of devices that capture sunlight to convert energy, encouraging eco-friendly and sustainable living. These products include covering solar chargers and lights to household devices and outdoor gear, delivering multi-purpose options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a installation that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. It is a sustainable energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize optical lenses and mirrors to focus sunlight on high-performance solar cells, significantly increasing power output using less space. This technology is highly suitable where intense, direct sunlight and provides a viable solution to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
