| Solar panel | Solar panel act as components that convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a apparatus that captures sunlight to convert heat, generally used for hot water production or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or power generation. It is a sustainable and eco-friendly technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its wealthy cultural legacy, notable attractions, and lively urban areas like London. It boasts a varied scenery of undulating terrain, ancient castles, and lively city hubs that mix heritage with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the environmental illumination emitted by the star, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it supplies energy for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of power due to the motion of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers numerous systems and systems, supporting modern life and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into power using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way movement of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a consistent voltage or current, causing it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a instrument that holds chemical energy and changes it into current to operate various electronic gadgets. It includes several galvanic units, each containing positive and negative electrodes divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight immediately into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an eco-friendly energy option that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home use and grid connection. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring reliable, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses direction periodically, generally used in home and industrial power supplies. It enables optimal transmission of electricity over extended spans and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that controls the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It ensures efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to determine the dimension, amount, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, temperature sensors, and pressure gauges that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a device that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are huge plants that capture sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves setting up photovoltaic cells on building roofs to generate electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated solar energy setup changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that gather solar radiation and transform into electrical energy. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to Earth for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions store excess energy generated from green sources or the grid for subsequent consumption, improving energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations commonly employ batteries to deliver backup power, cut down energy costs, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of photovoltaic cells documents the progress and advancements in solar power technology from the beginning discovery of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary high-efficiency solar arrays. It showcases major milestones, including the creation of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and ongoing advances that have greatly boosted energy conversion and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist famous for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and glow. His experiments laid the foundation for grasping how radiation interacts with particular substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an American innovator who invented the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work established the basis for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a prestigious R&D organization traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the origin of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and number 14, widely known for its key role in the production of electronics and solar panels. It is a tough, breakable crystalline substance with a steel-gray sheen, primarily used as a semiconductor in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This technology enhances system performance, enables better performance oversight, and improves energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a device that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in solar arrays to supply a renewable and renewable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that delivers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a elementary particle representing a unit of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without having rest mass. It has a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which certain materials transform sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the basic principle behind solar panel systems, allowing the utilization of solar solar power for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the base for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic systems due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances only a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of building components and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as occupants, furnishings, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components end-to-end, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the same voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification is the speed at which electrical energy flows by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through diverse origins such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and renewable energy, and crucial for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a unit of energy conversion in the International System of Units, showing the rate of energy transfer or conversion. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric voltage difference between two points, which causes the stream of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and represents the work per single charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of voltage, voltage difference, and electromotive force in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per unit charge between two points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electricity through a conductor wire, typically measured in amps. It is essential for powering electronic devices and enabling the functioning of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the standard of electrical flow in the SI units, represented by A. It measures the flow of electrical charge through a circuit over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and power of power systems to guarantee reliable and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is often used for powering and energizing a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) from sources like batteries or solar panels into AC suitable for home devices. It permits the application of common electrical appliances in environments where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as a collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically adjust the orientation of solar panels to monitor the solar trajectory throughout the 24 hours, enhancing solar energy capture. This innovation increases the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by ensuring best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to enhance the energy production of solar panel setups by continuously adjusting the performance point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar panels. This procedure ensures the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a device that tracks and examines the performance of solar power systems in live, offering valuable data on power output and system condition. It assists optimize solar power generation by detecting problems early and guaranteeing optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of many tiny silicon crystals, frequently used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves fusing and reforming silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline form suitable for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a premium variant of silicon with a single lattice framework, making it very effective for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its uniform structure allows for enhanced charge movement, resulting in higher functionality compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a type of thin-film solar technology that presents a economical and efficient solution for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their high absorption efficiency and moderately affordable manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are laminate solar devices that use a layered material of Cu, In, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into energy efficiently. They are noted for their excellent absorption efficiency, bendability, and possibility for portable, cost-effective solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a disordered molecular structure, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is commonly used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and adaptable features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are cutting-edge photovoltaic devices that utilize various p-n connections layered in unison to collect a broader range of the solar spectrum, greatly increasing their efficiency. These are mainly applied in space applications and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that convert sunlight into electrical energy to operate onboard instrumentation. Generally lightweight, long-lasting, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic element, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor recognized for its great electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ focusing elements or mirrors to focus sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This approach is ideal for large-scale solar power plants in regions with direct sunlight, providing a affordable solution for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and pliant form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a slender layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in various technological applications. These layers are crucial in electronics, optics, and coatings for their unique physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a sustainable and economical energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a stratum of compound ranging from tiny nanometric scales to several micrometers in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to describe extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are precision devices used to precisely measure tiny gaps or widths, typically in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw mechanism that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a slender, ring-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the platform for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the foundational material in the creation of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are flexible photovoltaic devices known for their superior output and adaptability, making them suitable for various uses. They utilize a multilayer semiconductor structure that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy with remarkable performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels, providing a renewable energy source for residential, industrial, and utility-scale applications. They provide a clean, long-lasting, and economical way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that converts sunlight into power using a photosensitive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are photoelectric devices that employ carbon-based compounds, to transform sunlight into electricity. They are easy to handle, bendable, and provide lower-cost, broad solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous photovoltaic compound used in thin-film solar modules due to its earth-abundant and safe elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an desirable alternative for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, facades, and fenestration. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to spread through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a thin film to the inside or outside of cars or structures panes to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations overview various massive solar energy installations around the world, demonstrating their power and positions. These plants function a important role in renewable energy generation and international efforts to cut carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are massive systems that turn sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on coal and oil, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote sustainable practices and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, air currents, and water. It offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, decreasing ecological footprint and enhancing sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, petroleum, and methane, are finite resources formed over millions of years and are depleted when used. They are the primary energy sources for electricity generation and transportation but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy types such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear energy, and sustainable resources into electricity. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, poisonous elements such as lead, quicksilver, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency assesses how effectively a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into usable energy. Improving this Solar-cell efficiency is key for increasing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This phenomenon provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar panels has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and reducing prices. This development is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by raising the share of clean solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a business scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a transparent instrument that bends light to converge or diverge rays, forming images. It is commonly used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an approaching light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to optical surfaces to minimize reflections and increase light flow. It improves the sharpness and luminosity of lenses by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes negate each other, resulting in a diminution or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This phenomenon generally happens when the waveforms are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes following a sine wave over time, permitting efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a tiny component used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use. It improves system performance by optimizing energy production at the module level and simplifies setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage and electric current regularly reverse direction, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. It is generally used in homes and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a kind of electrical coupling used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an device. It typically consists of a cylindrical plug and socket that guarantee a secure and dependable attachment for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international security validation agency that evaluates and approves products to guarantee they comply with specific safety requirements. It helps consumers and companies identify reliable and secure products through rigorous review and examination processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this configuration, the same current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This setup allows units to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a solid-state device that allows current to pass in one way exclusively, acting as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12V, created to supply electrical power for multiple devices and attachments within a car. It enables users to recharge electronic electronics or run small appliances while on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for linking devices to computers, allowing data transmission and electric power. It backs a wide range of devices such as input devices, pointer devices, external storage devices, and cell phones, with multiple revisions providing higher speeds and improved performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency plays a key role in optimizing energy production and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from radio waves to gamma radiation, each with diverse lengths and power. This range is fundamental to many technologies and the natural world, enabling communication, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It plays a important role in processes like vitamin D production but can also lead to skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on shades of a sole hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This composition approach emphasizes minimalism and grace by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to measure the intensity of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, frequently in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the distribution and movement of energy across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is commonly used to illustrate the distribution of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big body of air with relatively even temperature and moisture properties, originating from particular source regions. These air masses impact weather systems and sky states as they move across different zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the measure of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It changes with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing global climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the buildup of debris, and other particles on the exterior of solar arrays, which diminishes their efficiency. Routine maintenance and care are essential to limit energy loss and maintain optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when current flow is absent, spanning its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the maximum electrical current that travels through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, going around the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the maximum power capacity of a solar array under perfect sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak potential to create electricity in typical testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to determine the electrical potential between separate points in a circuit. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to verify proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in solar modules where elevated voltage stress causes a notable reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a metalloid chemical element essential for plant growth and employed in multiple industrial uses, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits distinctive chemical properties that cause it valuable in creating long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a stable and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant collects sunlight using large collections of photovoltaic solar panels to produce renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined approach of using land for both solar energy output and agriculture, maximizing space and resources. This strategy boosts crop production while simultaneously producing renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo effect and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a installation that provides shelter while generating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of several solar modules designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in sustainable power systems to deliver clean, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a construction that provides shade and shelter from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It improves the usability and aesthetic appeal of a patio, making it a cozy zone for relaxation and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the heavens relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line linking an observer to a target object. It is frequently used in wayfinding, surveying, and astronomy to specify the orientation of an target with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential muscle strains pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates superb optical characteristics, making it a popular choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy integration and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a measure of electricity equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to measure big energy generation and consumption. It is typically associated with generating stations, power grids, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in solar PV energy solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film solar modules that provide high efficiency and low-cost power generation. The organization is dedicated to eco-friendly energy development and cutting down the global dependence on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in smoothly integrating various parts of factory and automation systems to improve efficiency and trustworthiness. It focuses on creating advanced solutions that enable seamless communication and compatibility among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading Chinese company specializing in producing and developing solar-powered photovoltaic goods and services. It is known for its advanced technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion watts, often used to describe the potential of large-scale power production or usage. It emphasizes the huge energy extent involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the concept where the production cost decreases as cumulative output increases, due to learning and efficiencies gained over time. This concept highlights the value of learned skills in cutting expenses and enhancing efficiency in manufacturing and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This system is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that assists cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of creating solar or wind energy becomes equal to or lower than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that green energy technologies are cost-effectively comparable with conventional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a grid of power lines, delivering a dependable source of energy for numerous appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all components of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is essential for guaranteeing the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the sun's rays using PV panels to convert electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It represents a green, eco-friendly, and planet-friendly energy source that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, corporate, and manufacturing sites to create renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, delivering sustainable energy solutions where standard power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy products features a selection of devices that utilize sunlight to generate energy, promoting eco-friendly and renewable living. These products include everything from solar energy units and lights to household devices and outdoor tools, delivering flexible solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a facility that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or reflectors to focus solar radiation onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, greatly enhancing energy capture using less space. This method works well where intense, direct sunlight and offers a viable solution to lowering solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
